Pro-Form - Definition and Examples in English Grammar

Pro-form is a word or phrase that can take the place of another word (or word group) in a sentence. The process of substituting pro-forms for other words is called proformation. In English, the most common pro-forms are pronouns, but other words (such as here, there, so, not, and do) can also function as pro-forms.   The pro-form is the referring word in a sentence; the word or word group thats referred to is the antecedent. Examples and Observations: My grandmother started walking five miles a day when she was sixty. Shes 97 now, and we dont know where the hell she is.   (American comedian Ellen DeGeneres)Our father ...came back in the morning and told us he had found lodgings, and so we went there. They were east of the harbour, off Lot Street, at the back of a house which had seen better days.  (Margaret Atwood, Alias Grace. McClelland Stewart, 1996)One day in English class I passed Bill Hilgendorff a note. I love you, the note said. He folded it up and looked straight ahead. Then I whispered to him that he could live his whole life long and no one would ever love him as I did. I thought this was an amazing and daring and irresistible thing to do.  (Tereze Glà ¼ck, May You Live in Interesting Times. University of Iowa Press, 1995)We had offers to play in Hong Kong, and I always wanted to go there, but I wouldnt agree to do it because it wasnt going to add any more profit to the tour.  (Johnny Ramone, Commando: The Aut obiography of Johnny Ramone. Abrams, 2012)When the tzar was seated, everyone else sat, and so did we.  (L. E. Modesitt, Jr., Ghost of the White Nights. Tor Books, 2001)Boldly, Stein leaps from her short history of open source to the future of Canadian federalism. One might have expected her to develop her argument in the direction of scenario IV, but unfortunately she did not.  (Ruth Hubbard and Gilles Paquet, The Black Hole of Public Administration. University of Ottawa Press, 2010)Im proud of the many ways youre growing, and I hope you are, too.  (Fred Rogers, Dear Mr. Rogers. Penguin, 1996) Rogers, Does It Ever Rain in Your Neighborhood?: Letters to Mr.People cheerfully mixed the spiritual and the mundane, and I did as well.  (Gwendolyn M. Parker, Trespassing: My Sojourn in the Halls of Privilege. Houghton Mifflin, 1997) So and Not as Pro-Forms   Sometimes pro-forms represent less clearly identifiable constituents: (6) He may decide to join us next week, but I dont think so.(7) Speaker A: Will he join us next week?Speaker B: I hope not. In (6) the adverb so represents the preceding clause but with an appropriate change of operator: . . . but I dont think he will join us next week. In (7), the adverb not represents the whole of the preceding clause but changes it into a negative statement: . . . I hope he will not join us next week.  (Carl Bache, Mastering English: An Advanced Grammar for Non-Native and Native Speakers. Walter de Gruyter, 1997) Do as a Pro-Form Do is used as a pro-form when the predicate itself and all the complements which follow it are elided (Jack hurt himself fetching water, and Jill did, too). If another auxiliary is present, the pro-form do is less common (Has Jack hurt himself? Yes, he has; also, Yes, he has done . . .). Note that the pro-form do is not the same lexeme as the auxiliary do; the latter has only the forms do, does, did while the pro-form has these as well as done and doing.  (Stephan Gramley and Kurt-Michael Pà ¤tzold, A Survey of Modern English, 2nd ed. Routledge, 2004)

Patient Empowerment And The Health Insurance Industry

Healthcare 10 years ago is so much different than today. According to Chideya, 14.1 percent of Americans were without insurance. Patient Segregation was still a big factor back then. Hospitals at the time were still treating patients of certain races, religion, and gender. Hospital stays were so much longer compared to today due to not having the technology advances we have today. (Leonard, 2014) When a patient was sick, they didn’t have the options we have today. These patients had to see a doctor whereas today patients are able to see a physician assistant or a nurse practitioner. Patient empowerment is another factor that has been improved. Back in the 1950’s or 60’s, doctors would still withhold information of a woman’s diagnosis from†¦show more content†¦Most of the medical equipment run on digital platform and information software. Due to this dependency, healthcare is becoming more and more expensive and hard for the common man to afford. F irstly, politics have played a major role on healthcare since the end of World War II. Many attempts were made on health care reform: The Truman Administration (1945 - 1953) where President Truman proposed for universal health insurance coverage, administered and paid for by the National Health Insurance Board but this bill didn’t get very far after Congress condemned it as â€Å"socialized medicine.† Between the years of 1953-1961, the Eisenhower Administration supported the â€Å"Military Medicare† program which provided payment for healthcare services for all military dependents. Shortly after, the Kennedy Administration pursued a more modest form of healthcare coverage which entitled that health insurance coverage would be limiter to those 65 years of age and older. There was a lot of back and forth going and President Kennedy didn’t live to see the proposal’s chances through so it was passed to President Johnson. With President Johnson in office between the years of 1963-1969, the Social Security Amendment of 1965 was passed and entitled healthcare coverage to those 65 years and older, to the poor, blind and disabled.

Law Exam Free Essays

The law ensures that Coos and Scoffs cannot claim they were not aware of financial problems and wrong doings. They are required to take individual responsibility that the financial records are being reported accurately. The law also require that audits are performed by external and independent auditors to avoid conflict of Interest. We will write a custom essay sample on Law Exam or any similar topic only for you Order Now The firms used for audits cannot perform non-adult related work for the company. Auditing firms must also be rotated. 2. Employees that make the decision to whistle low are protected from retaliation from their employer. They cannot be fired, 3. Tort reform in Texas currently only covers medical malpractice and caps damages that can be received at $250,000. This strips away the ability for a jury to decide the monetary amount to be paid. This cap also makes it more difficult for a victim to find a lawyer to even take their case, which often results in them never getting their day in court. Tort reform in Texas is saving money, but the beneficiaries of that savings are medical practitioners and insurance companies. The lower cost of medical care for the citizens from this reform has not been shown. Insurance is lower for doctors now but that savings Is not being passed on to the patients, many of whom voted for tort reform for that reason alone. 4. Equal employment opportunity has Improved since the Call Rights Act of 1964. 5. Honesty Integrity – Doing what is right when no one is looking. Employees must make ethical decisions Transparency Fairness Respectful 6. Violation of intellectual property law can include copyright, trademark or trade secret infringement as well as patent damages. In order for the general public to continue to benefit from the creation of new technology, art, music etc. The Inventors of IP must have confidence that their work Is protected and they will be able to benefit off of It. Along the Invention on new IP follows new Jobs as well. By protecting the rights of the owners of this property, we are also ensuring new jobs for the future. 7. Affirmative action should continue because the disparity is still too significant to ay things are now equal. While we have certainly come a long way by opening doors that would have otherwise been closed; however, the difference is mostly seen on lower and some mid-level positions. It is argued that affirmative action is reverse discrimination for white men, but with 95% of senior level managers being men and 97% being white, but the static do not support this being true. An alternative to affirmative action would be to trust that companies will be fair and not discriminate; forever, as with other Issues companies mostly have a track record of doing the right thing when they are forced to. BY -reel 579 are performed by external and independent auditors to avoid conflict of interest. The firms used for audits cannot perform non-audit related work for the company. Can be received at $250,000. This strips away the ability for a Jury to decide the monetary amount to be paid. This cap also makes it more difficult for a victim to find now but that savings is not being passed on to the patients, many of whom voted for rot reform for that reason alone. 4. Equal employment opportunity has improved since the Civil Rights Act of 1964. Continue to benefit from the creation of new technology, art, music etc. The inventors of IP must have confidence that their work is protected and they will be able to benefit off of it. Along the invention on new IP follows new Jobs as well. By protecting the rights of the owners of this property, we are also ensuring new Jobs for the however, as with other issues companies mostly have a track record of doing the How to cite Law Exam, Essays

Property Rules in UK

Question: 1. Research, analyse and discuss in an informed manner selective aspects of Land Law. Answer: Adverse Possession The doctrine of adverse possession states that when someone occupies the land that belongs to someone else without taking his permission and such person continues to live for at least 10 to 12 years then under such conditions the land becomes theirs. This doctrine is governed by rules of property laws in the country. This doctrine allows another person to possess the real property of another without the payment of any compensation. This is because the property is held in a manner that conflicts with the right of the owners for a specified time span. For instance the rights of squatters fall under the type of adverse possession. In the case of JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham, the House of Lords defined adverse possession under the Land Registration Act 1925. Lord Browne-Wilkinson in this case stated that firstly factual possession means that there should be physical possession of the property. Additionally it was also held that even though the word adverse reflects force, the squatters should never use aggressive methods towards the paper owner of the property. The Rationale behind Adverse Possession This doctrine was developed hundreds of years ago when most of the land was unregistered and the only method to establish legal ownership was to inspect the deed and transfer the property to the current owner. This rationale was dismissed when the comprehensive land registration rules were established that contained all the details of the ownership and boundaries. These details were kept with the Land Registry and the register was open for the inspection of the public. Issue The primary issue in this case was whether the squatter who intends to purchase the house from the fee simple owner at a reduced price is entitled to purchase that property and what are the rights of the students as a squatter in that property. Facts of the case In the given case, four university students had rented a house in 2012 to study in UK. As a result of some complaints from residents, the University of East Westland disallowed their students from living there. With no options left the started living as squatters in the large Edwardian house. Moreover, the squatters living there were also committing nuisance which was a matter of concern for the neighbors. Later a squatter without informing the students offered to purchase the house from the fee simple owner at a reduced price. Property rules in UK and the application of the law in the given case Adverse possession has been a significant part of the property law in England and Wales. Throughout years it has undergone a number of changes with regard to legislations as well as case laws. In the case of Powell v McFarlane, Justice Slade had stated a similar fact as Lord Browne-Wilkinson in the Pye case, that factual possession means physical possession. This possession is single and exclusive though it can be on behalf of several people jointly. It was held in the case that there must be evidence of the intention to possess and the squatter who claims must exclude all the others present in the land along with the owner. Again in the case of Mount Caramel Investments Ltd v. Peter Thurlow Ltd., it was held that when the adverse possession has been for different people, the consecutive periods need to be added together. In the case of Bucks County Council v. Moran the court again stressed on the intention to possess and held that the squatters have to prove that they had physical control over the property. Chief Justice Cockburn in the case of Seddon v. Smith had stated that essential evidence in adverse possession was enclosure. In the case of BP Properties v. Buckler the court held that in cases of adverse possession the time will stop running for the squatters once they get lawful possession of the property. With regard to human rights issue the rights of squatters were raised in number of cases. In the case of Ofulue v. Bossert the court relied on the decision of the European Court of Human Rights in the case of Pye v United Kingdom and held that the law of adverse possession does not breach Article 1, Protocol 1 of Human Rights. Further in the case of Lodge v. Wakefield City Council the court held that even when there is a mistaken belief of ownership of legal estate then adverse possession may be established. Before the Land Registration Act 2002 came into force the land owner could simply lose title without being aware of it. According to the Land Registration Act of 2002 as given under the Schedule 6, paragraphs 1 to 5, when the adverse possessor has lived for ten years he would be entitled to apply to the land registrar in order to become the new registered owner of the property. Under such circumstances the registrar would contact the registered title holder and send notification of the application. When it is seen that no proceedings were launched for two years to eject this adverse possessor then the registrar would transfer the title. These rules apply for registered land. However, there are a number of restrictions before an application is made based on adverse possession. Firstly the registered proprietor must not be an enemy or from enemy state or should not suffer any mental disability, or is a defendant in any proceedings regarding a right to the possession of land or the estate was held on trust. Applying these above rules and case laws, the given case may be analyzed. Firstly, the squatters were in possession of the Edwardian house for a period of seven years. According to the English law given in the legislations and case laws in order to claim for the ownership rights it is essential that the squatter has held factual possession of the property for a period of ten years. Since these squatters have been in possession for seven years they cannot claim adverse possession on the property. Hence even the four students cannot claim adverse possession since they were squatters for a very less time period. Further as already stated in the cases when different people have occupied the property all the consecutive period would be considered while calculating the total time period of possession. Here the total time period is seven years but not ten years. Secondly since according to the case laws the law of adverse possession does not breach the human rights law and hence the owner who is suffering from illness cannot claim for such rights under the law. Also a new law was introduced in 2012. According to section 144 of the Legal Aid, Sentencing and Punishment of Offenders Act 2012, any individual who enters any residential building as squatters may be punished with six months imprisonment and 5,000 fine or both. Conclusion Relying on the above facts and regulations in the country and the given circumstances in the case, it can be construed that the four students are in the wrong side of the law. Since they have been living as squatters since 2013 for barely a year, the laws relating to adverse possession would not be of much helpful to them and in accordance to the new criminal law on squatting they would also have the fear to be jailed for squatting. References Bouckaert B,Property Law And Economics(Edward Elgar 2010) Bray J,Unlocking Land Law Epstein R,Economics Of Property Law(Edward Elgar 2007) Katz L, 'The Moral Paradox Of Adverse Possession: Sovereignty And Revolution In Property Law' (2010) 55 McGill Law Journal McFarlane B, Hopkins N and Nield S,Land Law(Oxford University Press 2009) Sexton R and Bogusz B,Complete Land Law(Oxford Univ Press 2009) Smith R,Introduction To Land Law(Pearson Longman 2010) Swerling L, 'The Land Registration Act 2002 And Adverse Possession' (2003) 9 Trusts Trustees BP Properties v Buckler(1987) 55 P CR Bucks County Council v Moran(1990) 86 LGR JA Pye (Oxford) Ltd v Graham[2003] AC Lodge v Wakefield City Council(1995) 38 EG Mount Caramel Investments Ltd v Peter Thurlow Ltd[1988] P CR Ofulue v Bossert(2008) EWCA Civ Powell v McFarlane(1977) 38 P CR Pye v United Kingdom(2008) 46 EHRR Seddon v Smith(1877) 36 LT